The former player: 'I really hoped to continue playing'
Warning: This article includes details of racially offensive comments and behaviour
FormerEngland player Luther Burrell claims that going public to reveal racism in rugby union led his professional journey to an premature conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "widespread" in the sport, showing digital communications and recalling training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I have absolutely had to retire because of what went on," he told reporters.
"I hoped to continue competing, of course I did. I sought that, and it collapsed when word came out that there were inquiries going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to just accept the outcome and accept that this entire process is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body investigation in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were accurate "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not collect enough evidence to categorically say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was controversially overlooked for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to journalists he also encountered prejudice within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him win 15 caps after his first game in 2014.
"I have had several traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Some discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"This is something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the problem that I've personally experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"Over a period of time you just learn to think that it's the standard and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell explains he was eventually motivated to go public after a team-mate at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the elite game and to the implementation of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has given considerable focus on inclusion and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and revealed his encounters of racism and classism," it added.
"We are continuing work with teams and stakeholders in the professional game to strive for a environment of acceptance but recognize this takes time and is an continuous effort."
Every Premiership and women's rugby club now has face-to-face training on building welcoming environments, with its success tracked via individual reports and surveys.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to intervene and defend others from damaging conduct.
"You be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film about his experiences.
"I know it has had this effect on you and finished your career, but in our eyes, you have achieved so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the filming of the film, and his sibling died recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, maintains his work to make the sport more accessible.
His 12 Foundation works to reach children in under-served communities and support them thrive on and off the field with free sports coaching, guidance and dietary education.
"My personal intentions are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if others is prepared to tell their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he said.
"We have an obligation to make the game as great as it can be and the more I talk about it hopefully the more comfortable fellow players will become about discussing their personal stories as well.
"I grab the bull by the horns and keep carrying this flag and continue carrying this responsibility and do what I can to develop opportunities and make the sport more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of underprivileged children and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that rugby has the potential to change their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to former club Northampton in November 2022